Impossible is Nothing ..if you are willing to Do.....Nothing can stop you then

Please Watch this ...And Never Never Give Up

Sky Park Singapore:

June 24 in Singapore, opened a new wonder of the world. “Sky Park” Marina Bay Sands is located on the 200-meter height on the three skyscrapers, as if on three pillars. Here is the most expensive in the world of casinos, bars, restaurants, the largest outdoor swimming pool, 150 meters long and even the Museum of Modern Art.

 

❝❝ SCIENTIFIC FACTS ABOUT 'LEFT HANDERS' ❞❞

✍ Use the right side of the brain the most
✍ Better at 3D perception and thinking
✍ Better at multi-tasking

✍ Make especially good baseball players, tennis players, swimmers, boxers and fencers
✍ More likely to pursue creative careers✍ More likely to have allergies
✍ More prone to migraines
✍ More likely to be insomniacs
✍ Three times more likely to become alcoholics – the right side of the brain has a lower tolerance to alcohol!
✍ More likely to be on extreme poles of the intelligence scale
✍ Tend to reach puberty 4 to 5 months later than right handers
✍ More likely to suffer stuttering and dyslexia
✍ Twice as likely to be a man
✍ Tend to be more athletically inclined
✍ Have more spatial awareness and think more quickly
✍ Have twice the problem-solving skills and a higher I.Q

❝❝ FEW FAMOUS 'LEFT HANDERS' ❞❞
► Leonardo Da Vinci
► Charlie Chaplin
► Robert De Niro
► Marilyn Monroe
► Lewis Carroll
► James Cameron
► Albert Einstein
► Napoleon Bonaparte
► Julius Caesar
► Aristotle
► Winston Churchill
► Pele
► John McEnroe
► Diego Armando Maradona

MCQ

1) THE CONCEPT OF LOKPAL IS TAKEN FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COUNTRY/COUNTRIES?
a) FRANCE b) EUROPEAN UNION c) SCANIDINAVIAN d) SWITZERLAND

 -->Scandinavian countries are Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Troy is in Turkey.

 

2) India's first Defence University is set up in

1 Haryana
2 Uttar Pradesh
3 Punjab
4 Delhi

 

3)  3D
technology to be used for Gujarat
Election. 1st time in India. Modi
would be virtually present
simultaneously in all four metros

of Gujarat : Ahmedabad, Surat,
Baroda, Rajkot on 18th November,
6 pm onwards

  4) Sachin Tendulkar was the first batsman to have been declared run out by a third umpire in 1992 against South Africa in South Africa :o)

The Cell

 

The one-celled organism  amoeba proteus

A single-celled bacteria  of the type: E. coli

A human red blood cell

A plant cell from the leaf  of a poplar tree

 The cell is one of the most basic units of life.  There are millions of different types of cells.  There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells.  And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body.  The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.  In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, and the list goes on.  All of these cells have unique functions and features.  And all have some recognizable similarities.  All cells have a 'skin', called the plasma membrane, protecting it from the outside environment.  The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell.  Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell.  At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus.  The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis.  In addition to the nucleus, there are many organelles inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell.  One important cellular organelle is the ribosome.  Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.  The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus.  After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cell's ribosomes, where translation occurs.  Another important cellular organelle is the mitochondrion.  Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria.  Also important in the life of a cell are the lysosomes.  Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials.  Below is a labelled diagram of a cell to help you identify some of these structures.
        There are many different types of cells.  One major difference in cells occurs between plant cells and animal cells.  While both plant and animal cells contain the structures discussed above, plant cells have some additional specialized structures.  Many animals have skeletons to give their body structure and support.  Plants do not have a skeleton for support and yet plants don't just flop over in a big spongy mess.  This is because of a unique cellular structure called the cell wall.  The cell wall is a rigid structure outside of the cell membrane composed mainly of the polysaccharide cellulose.  As pictured at left, the cell wall gives the plant cell a defined shape which helps support individual parts of plants.  In addition to the cell wall, plant cells contain an organelle called the chloroplast.  The chloroplast allow plants to harvest energy from sunlight.  Specialized pigments in the chloroplast (including the common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb sunlight and use this energy to complete the chemical reaction:
 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy (from sunlight)  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates that they can store for later use.         Organisms contain many different types of cells that perform many different functions.  In the next lesson, we will examine how individual cells come together to form larger structures in the human body.

What is Cell Division?

Cell division is the process that cells go through in order to divide. Cells may divide for several reasons, and there are two types of cell division depending on the purpose. The cell division associated with sexual reproduction is one type, called meiosis. The other type, the cell division associated with growth and cell replacement or repair, is called mitosis. In both types of cell division, the nucleus splits and DNA is replicated.

The cell division called mitosis produces daughter cells that have all the genetic material of the parent cell — a complete set of chromosomes. However, chromosomes are not the only material that needs to be divided and transferred to the daughter cells: there are cytoplasm and the cell membrane to divide as well. Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm and the cell membrane, and this process may follow immediately after mitosis or occur separately, depending on the organism involved. Together, these two processes make up the mitotic phases of the cell cycle.

The phases of cell division are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and these occur in both mitosis and meiosis. A fifth phases called prometaphase occurring between prophase and metaphase is designated by some, but not all sources. Interphase, which is not part of mitosis, is a preparatory stage during which the parent cell makes a copy of its genetic material so that each daughter cell can have a complete set. Therefore, mitosis is an ongoing and repetitive process, alternating with interphase.

Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions

The discovery of blood groups

Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.
Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.

Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood groups and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

What is blood made up of?

An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body.
Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma.

The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues.

 

The white blood cells fight infection.

The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example.

The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.

What are the different blood groups?

The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.
There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.
Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 blood group (in 1901) and Rh blood group (in 1937).

AB0 blood grouping system

According to the AB0 blood group system there are four different kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB or 0 (null).

	Blood group A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
	Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
	Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
	Blood group 0 If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Rh factor blood grouping system

Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh⁺. Those who haven't are called Rh^-. A person with Rh^- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh^- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh⁺ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh⁺ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh^- blood without any problems.

Blood group notation

According to above blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:

A Rh+	B Rh+	AB Rh+	0 Rh+
A Rh-	B Rh-	AB Rh-	0 Rh-

Do you know which blood group you belong to?

Blood typing – how do you find out to which blood group someone belongs?

1.
You mix the blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies.
2.
Then you take a look at what has happened. In which mixtures has agglutination occurred? The agglutination indicates that the blood has reacted with a certain antibody and therefore is not compatible with blood containing that kind of antibody. If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent.

3.
If you know which antigens are in the person's blood, it's easy to figure out which blood group he or she belongs to!

A person with A+ blood receives B+ blood. The B antibodies (yellow) in the A+ blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them. The B antibodies in the A+ blood bind the antigens in the B+ blood and agglutination occurs. This is dangerous because the agglutinated red blood cells break after a while and their contents leak out and become toxic.

What happens when blood clumps or agglutinates?

For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.

The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies. As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death.

Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom?

Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.

The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.

People with blood group 0 Rh - are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB Rh+ are called "universal receivers." Rh+ blood can never be given to someone with Rh - blood, but the other way around works. For example, 0 Rh+ blood can not be given to someone with the blood type AB Rh -.

Blood Group	Antigens	Antibodies	Can give blood to	Can receive blood from
AB Rh+	A, B and Rh	None	AB Rh+	AB Rh+ AB Rh - A Rh+ A Rh - B Rh+ B Rh - 0 Rh+ 0 Rh -
AB Rh -	A and B	None (Can develop Rh antibodies)	AB Rh - AB Rh+	AB Rh - A Rh - B Rh - 0 Rh -
A Rh+	A and Rh	B	A Rh+ AB Rh+	A Rh+ A Rh - 0 Rh+ 0 Rh -
A Rh -	A	B (Can develop Rh antibodies)	A Rh - A Rh+ AB Rh - AB Rh+	A Rh - 0 Rh -
B Rh+	B and Rh	A	B Rh+ AB Rh+	B Rh+ B Rh - 0 Rh+ 0 Rh-
B Rh -	B	A (Can develop Rh antibodies)	B Rh- B Rh+ AB Rh- AB Rh+	B Rh - 0 Rh -
0 Rh+	Rh	A and B	0 Rh+ A Rh+ B Rh+ AB Rh+	0 Rh+ 0 Rh -
0 Rh -	None	A and B (Can develop Rh antibodies)	AB Rh+ AB Rh - A Rh+ A Rh - B Rh+ B Rh - 0 Rh+ 0 Rh -	0 Rh -

Sir Creek Boundary dispute between India Pakistan : History and Future

What is Sir Creek Boundary?

Sir Creek is a 96-km strip of water that is disputed between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshlands. The creek, which opens into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of Gujarat and the Sindh province of Pakistan.

What is Harami Nala?

Harami Nala is a marshy, sluggish and shallow water channel, spread over 500 sq km in Kutch, in the Sir Creek region, where both Indian and Pakistani fishermen sail to catch the prized variety of fishes, and at times get caught by the Costal guards of either country and spend years in Jail.

Why is Sir Creek in news?

• On 19^th June 2012, India and Pakistan failed to make any headway on their maritime boundary dispute in the Sir Creek region at the 12th round of the talks.
• The Indian delegation was led by Surveyor General of India.
• Talks on Siachen Glacier also failed to make any progress. Both the countries had reiterated their positions on the issue.

Pakistani Claim

Pakistan claims the creek lies in its territory; with the international border falling on the east of the creek. Since 2011, it has extended its claim to Pir Sanai Creek. The landmass separating Pir Sanai from Sir Creek has disappeared, it says, and the mouths of the two water bodies have “almost merged”.

Indian Claim

The creek should be divided between the two countries along the thalweg or the main navigable channel.

Since Indian naval assets use Pir Sanai, it is not thrilled about Pakistan’s latest claim either.

History

• After the Indo-Pak was of 1965, a UN tribunal was formed to settle the  border between Sindh and Kutch.
• Till 1968, India and Pakistan were providing competing histories of the region.
• In arguments made at the UN tribunal, India claims that Kutch was a well-defined entity. The Raos of Kutch only paid tribute to imperial powers, first Mughal, then British.
• Pakistan uses different colonial sources to say the Kutch never had an existence of its own, that the rulers of Sindh had invaded and occupied parts of the Rann in the 18th century, and that the whole breadth of the Rann was the boundary between Kutch and Sindh.
• In spite of this historical nebulosity, the tribunal supported India’s claim to 90 per cent of the Rann, fixed the land border up to a point called the Western Terminus, but left the westernmost part of the border fluid. This includes the stretch of water under Sir Creek, now under dispute.
• India and Pakistan are said to have been close to an agreement in 2007; the two sides had reportedly exchanged maps that matched. The process was derailed by the 26/11 attacks and it was not until 2011 that talks started again.

Solution

• If Sir Creek is to be treated as a water border, it must be divided according to international laws that govern such boundaries. Under such laws, the international boundary in a navigable river lies along the thalweg.
• But application of international laws becomes difficult in terrains that constantly change shape.
• In marshy areas like the Rann, landmasses emerge and slip back into water. The joint survey held by India and Pakistan held in 2007 claimed Sir Creek had shifted nearly 1.5 km eastwards.

Conclusion

• The resolution of the Sir Creek dispute would have resonances in larger economic and strategic matters.
• The boundary at the creek would have a direct bearing on maritime borders between India and Pakistan, determining the exclusive economic zone of each country in the Arabian Sea.
• Solving Sir Creek has also been held up as a first step to the resolution of graver border conflicts between India and Pakistan.

The story about Achilles heel

The term “Achilles’ heel” means a person’s vulnerable spot or area. It is derived from the Greek myth of Achilles and his mother Thetis.

According to legend, when Achilles was born, his mother, in an effort to make him immortal, took Achilles to the Styx river and dipped him. She held him by one heel. The area where her fingers held him remained dry. As the heel was not touched by the waters of the Styx, it was the one vulnerable place on Achilles.

Achilles became the hero of many battles during the Trojan War. Paris, Prince of the Trojans, shot an arrow in the heel of Achilles. Because the heel was the one spot untouched by immortality, Achilles died.

The mythology of Achilles not only gives us the term “Achilles’ heel,” the tendon connecting the heel to the calf muscles is named the “Achilles” tendon.”

It has been argued that the vulnerability of Achilles did not originally lie in his heel. In Homer’s “The Iliad,” his vulnerable area is his pride. It is suggested his weak spot did not become the heel until the Romans told the story of Achilles in a poem written by Statius.

Whatever the derivation, the term in the English language is written as the “Achilles’ heel” of a person or corporation.

Examples include:

• The CEO of the company is personal friends with his employees. His friendship with them is his Achilles’ heel.
• Her fondness for flattery has always been her Achilles’ heel.

In these sentences, the term means the subjects can be manipulated by compliments and feelings for their employees.

The English language originated from the Latin language, the language of the Roman empire, and from the Greek. Therefore, it is unsurprising the term “Achilles’ heel” derives from both Greek and Roman myths.

State of Emergency in India

This article is about general information on emergencies in India. For the 1975 - 1977 emergency, see The Emergency (India).

A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when he/she perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers and using the powers vested in him largely by Part XVIII of the Constitution of India, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. In the history of independent India, there were three periods during which a state of emergency was deemed to have existed.

    Between 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the India-China war — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
    Between 3 December 1971 to 1977 originally proclaimed during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
    Between 26 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 under controversial circumstances of political instability under the Indira Gandhi's prime ministership — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by internal disturbances".

The President can declare three types of emergencies:

    National emergency
    State emergency
    Financial emergency

Contents

    1 National emergency under article 352
    2 State emergency under article 356
    3 Financial emergency under article 360
    4 References

National emergency under article 352

National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war), and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi to escape conviction). The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval.

In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. It modifies the federal system of government to a unitary one.

In January 1977 however, during the emergency declared controversially by Indira Gandhi, the government decided to suspend even the Right to Life and Personal Liberty by dispensing with Habeas corpus. Chief Justice Hans Raj Khanna defended the Right to Life and asked: "Life is also mentioned in Article 21 and would Government argument extend to it also?". The Attorney General observed: "Even if life was taken away illegally, courts are helpless".[1]

The Parliament can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the Parliament for its approval. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of one year but not more than six months from the date when the emergency has ceased to exist.
State emergency under article 356

State emergency is declared on failure of constitutional machinery in a state. Nearly every state in India has been under a state of emergency at some point of time or the other. The state of emergency is commonly known as 'President's Rule'.

If the President is satisfied, on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution, he can declare emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months.

It is imposed for six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. But 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the one time duration of state emergency from 6 months to 1 year. Therefore from now on after every 1 year Parliament needs to approve the same. If the emergency has to be extended for more than three years, it can be done by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President. the Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval.In this situation ministers of state legislature are not allowed to perform action in state.
Financial emergency under article 360

If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he or she can declare financial emergency. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. Such a situation had arisen but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit.

It remains enforced till the President revokes it.

In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.

The phrase Emergency period used loosely, when referring to the political history of India, often refers to the third and the most controversial of the three occasions.

Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy

• 

• E

The Reasons

On 25th June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed an emergency in the country. Fundamental Rights stood suspended, censorship was imposed on the press and prominent political leaders were arrested. So what prompted Mrs. Gandhi to take such a drastic step? Could the emergency have been avoided? What role did her son Sanjay and his cronies play during this crucial period? Were there any personal motives? There are just some of the questions that we will try to answer.

In many ways the foundation for the emergency was laid when the Allahabad High Court set aside Indira Gandhi’s re-election to the Lok Sabha in 1971 on the grounds of electoral malpractices. This verdict, which came on 12th June, was later challenged in the Supreme Court, which on 24th June 1975, granted a conditional stay to Mrs. Gandhi, thereby allowing her to remain a member of parliament but disallowed her to take part in parliamentary proceedings. However, this was just the first step. The other, more significant reason for the imposition of emergency was the “JP movement”. Many regard Jayaprakash Narayan as “the Gandhi of Independent India”. In his entire political career he never contested an election. After the Allahabad High Court verdict, “JP”, as he was better known, gave the call for a “Total Revolution” and also demanded the resignation of Mrs. Gandhi. In fact on June 25, 1975, he announced a plan of daily demonstrations, not merely in Delhi, but also in every State capital and district headquarters until Indira Gandhi threw in the towel. He also appealed to the Army, the police and the bureaucracy “to refuse to obey Indira” and “abide by the Constitution instead”. His associate Morarji Desai went a step further. In an interview to an Italian journalist he said, “We intend to overthrow her, to force her to resign. For good…Thousands of us will surround her house and prevent her from going out…night and day.” Incidentally, Desai was once Deputy Prime Minister in her government.

Many argue that the emergency was the inevitable outcome of social, economic and political crises resulting in “systematic failure” One of them is Prof. P.N. Dhar, Secretary to the Prime Minister and her chief official advisor during this period. In his book “Indira Gandhi, the emergency and Indian Democracy”, he states that it was largely because of the opposition pressure that she was forced to resign. He says “Even before she could file her appeal, to which she was enticed, a delegation of opposition leaders from the Congress (O), JS, BLD, SP and Akali Dal called on the president and presented a memorandum to him saying that “a grave constitutional crisis had arisen as a result of Mrs. Gandhi continuing to occupy the of office of the prime minister despite a clear and categorical judicial verdict.” Apart from Dhar, there were others who supported the Emergency. One of them was prominent writer Khushwant Singh, who at the time was the editor of “The Illustrated Weekly of India”. He says “By May 1975 public protests against Mrs. Gandhi’s government had assumed nationwide dimensions and often turned violent. With my own eyes I saw slogan-chanting processions go down Bombay thoroughfares smashing cars parked on the roadsides and breaking shop-windows as they went along. Leaders of opposition parties watched the country sliding into chaos as bemused spectators hoping that the mounting chaos would force Mrs. Gandhi to resign.”

From the above arguments it is clear that Mrs. Gandhi was a power-hungry woman who imposed the emergency to safeguard her own political and personal interests. And the only beneficiary of this unfortunate period was her son Sanjay Gandhi.

From the early 1970s onwards, wide-spread discontent shook India: large sections of the population came out in demonstrations against rising prises, fall in the supply of essential commodities, unemployment, and more importantly, corruption in government administration. These protests reached a crescendo in two states – Gujarat and Bihar – in 1974, with students leading the agitations and giving them an organized shape. The Gujarat state government ruled by Indira Gandhi’s Congress Party was forced to resign that year. In fresh elections to the Gujarat legislature in early June, 1975, the Congress was trounced and the opposition parties formed the new government in that state. Indira realized that she was losing her grip, and was threatened by a political crisis. The threat became imminent when on June 12, 1975, the Allahabad high court of the state of Uttar Pradesh (from where Indira Gandhi won in the parliamentary election in 1971), declared her election invalid on two corruption charges in the conduct of her poll campaign at that time. She was accused of violating the Indian law by first, using an officer of her government to make campaign arrangements, and secondly, by using other state officers to put up speaker’s stands in her constituency and supply electricity to her amplifying equipment. The high court judgment debarred her from holding the office of prime minister, but granted a stay of the order for 20 days – to allow her party to choose another leader (since the Congress party still enjoyed a majority in the Indian parliament).

The era of Emergency, which was inaugurated by Indira Gandhi on June 25/26, 1975, was the darkest chapter in the democratic history of India (1991 to 2000 A D is the darkest economic decade).

The invalidation of the Prime Minister's selection by the Allahabad High Court, is the `causa causans' of the mid-night proclamation of Emergency.